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Modern sense. Originally they have developed in Italy, in the Netherlands and inNorthern Germany thanks to an exclusive combination of the sizes of trade and
The political power. They represented the first segments
The West European society which have managed to be pulled out from feudalism system.
We will return to them later in this chapter by consideration of the medieval
Cities-states. Safety, risk, the markets and calculations in a medieval life Despite all network of customs, traditions and laws, a medieval society Far has not got rid of risk and uncertainty. A source of the greatest Uncertainty and risk there was a small harvest: consequences fluctuated from Undereatings before starvation. Even traditional feudal taxes were Risk and uncertainty source as they a part were predicted and
Are considered, and a part - are unpredictable and freakish. As an example can serve
The obligation to redeem the seigneur who was taken prisoner. The price could be excessive,
And burden - absolutely unpredictable. So not expected and
The obligations connected with wars in which it was got involved were indefinable
Regular or casual: except defined by the law and custom of the rent
Payments, taxes and other gathering with which seigneurs had the right to assess the
Tenants and vassals, happened and so that it, using armed force, Simply plundered another's or own tenants. It was still far to The centralised monarchy and bourgeois revolutions which have created The governments having the power to establish regular and predicted taxes For payment of the expenses.
The future income of the peasant or the handicraftsman of the finished job; the prices,
Which the dealer in the future for bought today, and everyones will receive others
The unpredictable consequences arising from change of a supply and demand. The professional dealer having means always faces to a choice:
When to buy and sell, whether to buy in general or to lend to another money under
The percent or to enter a share in another's enterprise or expedition. With these
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